What does group behavior tell us about the inner life of individuals? The perils of identity and why we want to belong to groups.
What does group behavior tell us about the inner life of individuals? And similarly, what does our inner life tell us about why we behave the way we do in groups?
There seems to be a human need to be part of something bigger, to not just see ourselves as something isolated. And at the same time, there seems to be a need to belong to a defined group, whether it be religious, national, ethnic groups, ideological or political parties. But, do we need group identities? What do these groups do for us? Why can’t we just be individuals and see ourselves as part of humanity as a whole?
From an evolutionary biological perspective, the human need for a psychosocial identity is anchored in nothing less than our socio-genetic evolution. Identity can be said to be a good trait in human evolution. We tend to do things that are good for us as a species to survive. This need to identify with groups must be serving some socio-genetic evolutionary function or we wouldn’t keep doing it. This doesn’t mean that it doesn’t lead to, and cause, problems.
It would be very hard to figure out a way for someone to stop identifying with anything because it just seems to be too innate, too primordial. Krishnamurti would call it conditioning. You’re told what you are from very early in life. If you’re brought up in a religious family, you’re immediately part of that religion. You may also have an ethnic identity that is part of your conditioning.
Not only do we label ourselves, our families and others in society label us too. One example can be found in the reaction to Barack Obama. He is remembered as our first African American president, our first black president, but his mother was white. He’s equally white as he is black, but society has decided he’s our first black president. Our society tells us who we are. That kind of conditioning is very hard to overcome.
Back in the ‘60s, the comedian George Carlin talked about how he would go to the Saint Patrick’s Day Parade in New York and people were wearing buttons “Proud to be Irish.” Carlin, who was of Irish descent, would laugh about it and said, “Proud to be Irish? What did you do? You didn’t do anything. You just happen to be born of a family that comes from Ireland.”
There’s a pride. There’s an esteem that you get from being a member of a group. Maybe it’s about our need for acceptance. If you belong to a certain club or a certain prestigious college, you feel proud about that. Our need for esteem is met by group identity. Then, there is also the need to know and understand, and that can be anything from identifying with a religion to identifying with an ideology, to identifying with a guru. The need to have some kind of framework in life is also met by identity.
“As long as there is any form of identification with the family, with a national group, with a dogma, with a belief, obviously it is separative. If I identify myself with India, with its past, with its religion, with its dogmas, with its nationality, I am obviously building a wall around myself through identification with what I think is greater than myself.
Surely, the question is not whether the family or the group is separative, but why the mind identifies itself with something and thereby creates division? Why do I identify myself with India? Because if I do not identify myself with India, with America, with the Orient, or the Occident, or what you will, I am lost, I feel alone, deserted. This fear of being lonely, alone, compels me to identify myself with my family, with my property, with a house, with a belief. It is that that is bringing separation, not the family. If I do not identify myself with something, what am I? I am nobody.”
– Krishnamurti
Now, let’s analyze identity a little deeper. I do an exercise in my class: I ask them to just write down without really thinking, without reflecting greatly, a list of all the identities they have, everything they feel that they are. What is amazing is that, even though I tell them to write quickly, almost invariably the first three or four items are what we call vertical identities. These are identities which feel permanent, which we feel can’t be changed: religion, nationality, ethnicity, etc. Then there are horizontal identities which are the ones that feel changeable, like being a jazz lover. You could become a jazz lover at the age of 50, so this is not considered to be part of your core identity. You’re unlikely to have a violent conflict between jazz lovers and country music lovers. It’s not that important. Wars are between nations. Wars are between ethnic groups. Wars are between religions. It’s those vertical identities that people tend to first blurt out when asked about identity. Those are also the ones that we tend to fight over.
Is Group Violence Innate?
Clearly, there are people willing to die for group identities. That’s why we have conflict. Part of the impulse is the idea of dying for something great, something transcendent, something that will live beyond oneself. Is it part of the inner human condition to affiliate in groups and then to perpetuate violence against other groups, or is it the result of conditioning? Could this violence be learned behavior and could we perhaps awaken out of it?
Once group identities become dominant, mainly the vertical identities, then certain processes begin to happen. The first is an “Us vs Them” process. You cannot have an “us” unless you have a “them”. Group identities create boundaries. Yet groups need those outside the boundaries of the group for defining their own group identity. The outsiders are often seen as different, or inferior, and at worst a threat. The result is conflict.
So, can we have an identity, feel good about being a member of a group, or nation, or follow a certain religion, without resulting in conflict and violence?
It becomes dangerous when these national, religious or ethnic narratives are held as truth as opposed to being held as narratives. Narratives are not facts. Narratives are not history. Narratives are stories. These stories are designed to promote group cohesiveness and as a way to answer the need to know and understand. In this sense, there was no difference between the New Testament and Das Kapital. Both were designed to tell people how the world works. Both developed large followings because they addressed the need to know and understand, but they are narratives.
“We know what are the causes of war; they are fairly obvious, and even a schoolboy can see them – greed, nationalism, the search for power, geographical and national divisions, economic conflicts, sovereign states, patriotism, one ideology, whether of the left or of the right, trying to impose itself upon another, and so on. These causes of war are created by you and me. War is the spectacular expression of our daily existence, is it not? We identify ourselves with a particular group, national, religious, or racial, because it gives us a sense of power; and power inevitably brings about catastrophe. You and I are responsible for war, not Hitler, Stalin, or some other super-leader. It is a convenient expression to say that capitalists, or insane leaders, are responsible for war. At heart, each one wants to be wealthy, each one wants power. These are the causes of war, for which you and I are responsible. I think it is fairly clear that war is the result of our daily existence, only more spectacularly, more bloodily so.”
– Krishnamurti
The desire to have certain needs met and the fear of not having them met lead us to identify with groups. It’s a combination. Maybe the fear that needs are not going to be met is what leads groups to violence. And we will often do anything to protect ourselves if our basic needs are threatened.
I think the inner task here starts with being conscious, being aware, seeing identification in action. Not only when reading the newspaper but seeing identification in action in oneself.
So a good starting point is to ask oneself, what groups do I feel I’m a member of and why? What assumptions do I hold in terms of identity? What do I ascribe to other people when I see them on the street or meet someone who says he/she is from such and such a country? Am I immediately ascribing characteristics to a person in which I have no factual basis for believing is true? Am I doing it because I’ve ascribed those characteristics to a group?
And at the core of it is always the question, what is my conditioning?
Article by Mark Habeeb – Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University.
Mark Habeeb also does research in International Economics, Neuropsychology, and Social Psychology. This is an excerpt from his talk at the KFA Explorations Conference in 2016.
By joining or affiliating with a group, one may find a rationale for acting or speaking in ways that one’s hypocritical society seems (but only seems) to discourage – violent, us-versus-them behaviors that gain strength from being identified with and sanctioned by a “movement,’ party or what have you. Now I am part of “something bigger” than myself, allowed to act out in ways I, alone, would hesitate to pursue. Now I can ignore or suppress what I otherwise would learn from a careful, meditative, non-judgmental examination of “me”. I become “protected” from reality, from real awareness of my own conditioning, which thus is allowed to flourish. I may seek “answers” in groups, gurus, ideologies, belief systems, “certainties” but in doing so, in failing to “know myself” in a real sense, I become a danger to myself and others.
Quote from book of thoughts with photographs ,I AM ALSO A YOU,by Jay Thompson.”Grownups have a strange way of putting themselves in compartments and groups.They build up barriers…of religion,of caste,of color,of party,of nation,of province,of language,of custom and of wealth and poverty.Thus they live in prisons of their own making. Jawaharlal Nehru from The Great Quotations,compiled by George Seldes.Upon reading the article,I thought of this quote,as I have compiled and memorized many,to help me make it through the night.love Krishnamurti
Beautiful article, thank you Mr. Habeeb and thanks to all who see the importance of this message. The beauty in K’s work is truly immeasurable.
Like so many others, when I first heard K speak, seven years ago, I finally saw myself for the first time. This is now in my blood. Not to use as a weapon, but to somehow hold that mirror so that we can all see what we are actually doing, without judgement, condemnation, etc.
The resistance is the difficult part. Until the intelligence of love is truly understood, it looks like we’ll go on this way.
Your work is very inspiring. It is a difficult task, but one that must be pursued. I realize that hope can be a bad word, but I hope we can somehow see and truly understand the ego. Fear is our only enemy.
Please know I’m doing what I can up here in Canada.
Thank you very much hard work.
Vince D.
The moment we create anything it has to take a form, a shape – whether it be a sculpture, a painting or the self, the thing we call me. All things that have a creator will by definition be a product of the conditioning of their creator. For the self to exist it can only be created from the available resources and thus the self is always a product of our experience, knowledge and influences. We live in a society that elevates the self above everything and we are encouraged at every turn to validate and indulge it’s every feeling as a way to finding God, love, call it what you will. There are few stronger forces than the identity that comes with the self-affirming bonds of a group – certainty is one of the key currencies of any group and any uncertainty about the group is discouraged. Because the self is a construct of ideas and memories it’s structure is ultimately on a foundation of sand – anything that can seem to give it a sense of solidity and substance is desperately sought after – we can see this in religion, nationalism etc. As Krishnamurti pointed out, when we se the self and it’s craving for permanence is at the centre of all mischief then we can let it go and move into the emptiness that lies beyond.
This is a well written essay.
In the beginning the essay state that the need for identity must be serving some socio-genetic evolutionary function. However, the author does not state what function is it serving. Is the function that it is serving has the root of division and conflict?
The standard-function in that kind of observation is: survival. But in that kind of argumentation there lies always a circularity. The abstraction of the result is considered as first reason for the process. And this circularity is implied when thinking in terms of “functionality”. As one is confronted with the same things again and again, the structure of this way of understanding finds itself verified again and again. As long the circumstances continue which have to be explained, any kind of explanation seems to be true as long there is no contradiction to other circumstances in sight.
The author suggests that there is a way of living along this function without creating division and conflict by adjusting ones conditioning in balancing “needs” and the implied “results”.
I wonder that the approach of Mr. Habeeb finds agreement. The approach follows a postivistically line which is a constructive element of the spirit of the time. This approach pretends to go out of facts and stay with facts. However, if various facts are stated, then the question of their relationship arises. And with that question the question about the relationship between thought and facts arises too. But this second question in the positivistical approach is answered stating the relationship of facts as a fact too, and to brand other approaches as narrative. So the standard-argument in the article is based by the notion of “need” as that fact which gives the relationship between facts. People do things – this is one fact. People survive – this is another fact. And now there is said: what people do comes from the needs to survive, it has a function in relationship to that need. Since there is noticed that people also do things that contradict this stated “need” for example by killing one another, so there has to be made a division between rational and irrational. In the same way there is made a division between rational or irrational fear in psycholgy. What people do in this way is given permission limited to a particular field. In the same way there is made a division between technical or psychological thought. What People do, in one area has a justification in an other area it has not.
Therefore a central question of the article is: “So, can we have an identity, feel good about being a member of a group, or nation, or follow a certain religion, without resulting in conflict and violence?” In answering that question there is given a further division, between horizontal and vertical identities. And vertical identity is left holding the baby. And that baby has to be avoided. So the enclosed question at the end of the article is not about conditioning at all.
What am I? This is a real question to find out practically for every human individual.
Belonging to a group is extension of my ego, that’s all. Identification myself just with anything is extension of my ego.
So, what is that my ego that is always craving to extend itself? Have we ever seen it so as it is?
Good article pointing to the self. We have to take responsibility for all that we see and witness, we create what we say we do not want due to our ignorance of how. We feed the lower vibrations through our attention/belief to it and matching the frequency within which creates more of the same. What is outside of self but a reflection for us to learn about ourselves. If it is all energy/consciousness, then it can be changed. How – change your attention/beliefs within self. Change to lift your vibration/consciousness. We can change the world and shine our light on darkness as it is lifted, there is no division/separateness, we are one, we are all love.
“From an evolutionary biological perspective, the human need for a psychosocial identity is anchored in nothing less than our socio-genetic evolution.” I am not sure about the “genetic” component. Loyalty to the group may be a meme that started thousands of years ago and infected all the human race.
The man is a social´s animal so he needs groups to survive. The problem is when the love is absent and the conflict begins.